جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 19 (بهار 1401)

Moral and social themes are one of the main topics in Persian literature and from the past until now it has been the manifestation of the purest and purest meanings and moral and educational themes, so that in each period, a large part of Persian poetry is devoted to wisdom and sermon and literature It is a teaching of one of the most common and ancient literary genres in the world, which provides rational and moral teachings to the audience in order to achieve happiness and prosperity by applying them in life. In Shahnameh, which is an epic work, there is talk of ideal human beings who are adorned with good human qualities and adherence to morality is the most prominent feature of their lives. Ferdowsi, who has a pure and well-groomed speech, is committed to moral virtues, and in the stories of Shahnameh, he expresses these values ​​in human life. The Avesta, which is an educational and moral work, is also full of goodness and humanitarian thoughts; In which moral themes are expressed in different ways. This article tries to examine the common moral characteristics of these two works by using content analysis method and descriptive-comparative method and by library tools; The result was that Shahnameh, while being influenced and absorbing the cultural components of the religion of Islam, has also taken many influences from the culture of pre-Islamic Iran, and has preserved and recorded many of its cultural components.

The religion of Mazdisna is one of the oldest religions in the world, which, despite the abandonment of the Avestan and Pahlavi languages and scripts, has long been considered by human schools and teachings. The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was not deprived of the philosophy and wisdom of Zoroastrianism even after many centuries and extensive social changes in the life of mankind, and it seems that many of his words are influenced by this religion. The present study examines the similarities between these two rituals and philosophical methods in a descriptive-comparative way. The result of this research strengthens the possibility of the connection and influence of Mazdisna's religion on Nietzsche's views, so that in representing the self-founded subject of Nietzsche, the will in an anonymous inner vision is focused on power. The interpretation which in Mazdisna is called Emshaspandan sale, and just as they are the spiritual forms of the world of creation, in Nietzsche's world, objects are manifestations of the truth of their essence. The main focus of Nietzsche's thought is to create and build a world free of long-standing presuppositions and superstitions.As heresy has been the highest desire of the Prophet Mazdista in Avestan Iran.One of Nietzsche's approaches is the emergence of new ideas and the sinking of incompatible ideas. Also, from the Zoroastrian point of view, the Fravehars of the living are stronger than the Forouhars of the dead. In two approaches, the superman or Sushyant is the immortal and last creation who will make the world free from the evil of lies and man immortal.

The present paper emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary studies in better understanding and receiving human knowledge and assuming a close link between literature and psychology with a descriptive-analytical manner based on the American School of Comparative Literature, which is interdisciplinary in nature and With a scientific approach and with Using Erich Fromm's theory of love,  explores the context and characteristics of love in relation to Belquis's character in Kelidar's novel.The aim of the research is to find an answer to the question of why and how in a novel like Kelidar, Despite the oppression in it, the motif of love have been nurtured and spread. The research findings show that according to Fromm's love theory in Kelidar's novel, first: contrary to popular belief, love is not limited to the relationship between a lover and a beloved or a specific person; rather, it has a variety of functions, motivations, and contexts; Secondly, Dolatabadi's works, were not limited to local issues, Beautiful and creative expressions of love in his works and specifically in the character of Belqis with the artist is fully represented which have doubled the richness of his works. The findings also show Belqis has all the characteristics of fromm's love, The quality of her presence in the novel and the events that take place are proof of the fact that responsibility, endurance of suffering, needlessness, sacrifice are all born of praiseworthy and true love, which the fromm considers each of them as the characteristics of true love.

The premise of lover and lover dominance over each other is the result of a sociological approach of theorists such as George Lukach, Pierre Bourdieu and Theodore Adorno in the category of love. In this paper, through reading the relevant sociological elements with love, we can address the status of domination, its causes and consequences in the love of Leily u Majnun Neziganjoy. The research method is descriptive-analytical, the research revealed that love was carried out by the conflict of dokodak otherness until adolescence and youth, in a geographical way that the objects, minds, habits and social base dominated the behavioral hierarchy of lovers, not their will. Unity of pluralism and domination has permeated the thinking of lovers and social solidarity with Leily and Majnun has not been able to cope with the system of tarigi. The sociology of their behavior showed that the male dominance, as an addition and variable, has occasionally dominated Leily, but the force of mistress has often disturbed the balance of domination in Lily's favor, and ultimately the objects and minds of society have entered another active and class variable, ibn Salam, into the story so that failed love, which is desired by the minds of the Stonak society and more influential in the space of the story.

Shamloo, the head of the white poetry, is an Iranian writer and translator. Shamloo’s poetry can be analyzed based on various aspects, especially literary schools. Although there have been so many inspections in Shamloo’s poetry on the matter of romantic elements; there has not been any analysis or deliberation in Shamloo’s poetry based on social romanticism. This query quests the most important characteristics of social romanticism; like: humanism, lyricist mentality; also addresses the social theorems, together with the nationalism and symbolist nature in social and political concepts with a descriptive, analytical and quantitative evaluation. The frequency of lyricist mentality, dealing with the social theorems and symbolist nature is continuously reflected in Shamloo’s poetry. Humanism also grabs the attentions in Shamloo’s viewpoints. Shamloo was dedicated to the whole world, so nationalism has no serious place in his poems; because Shamloo never had limited himself to his motherland. All in all, through Shamloo’s romantic poems, 174 poems (about 40/86 percent) can be found in social romantic concept and among these poems, 59 ones (about 33/90 percent) have humanist viewpoints; besides the other 11 ones (6/32 percent) that have nationalist perceptions.

Persian classical poetry, especially lyric , in continuation of its evolution, after the constitutional revolution and after the intellectual domination of the Nimaei current, has witnessed various areas and currents, one of which is mainly under the banner of today's lyric  or new lyric  or neoclassical poetry. Be. In the 1970s, a fledgling movement based on the idea of ​​Western postmodernism created an atmosphere known as form poetry or avant-garde. Which in its nature had a kind of conflict with the known criteria of the literary tradition. Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi, the leading poet of this movement, became the flagship of this style with the publication of the book "fereshtaha kodkosh kardand". This article seeks to analyze the discourse of this idea and the linguistic and content characteristics and approaches of Mousavi's poems.The method of the present research is qualitative and descriptive. In this research, the mentioned poems have been examined and the findings of the research show: The idea of ​​postmodernism, which showed itself in literature, was initially faced by the poems of the poets Nosora and SepidgooBut with effort Mousavi and the choice of rhythmic and maqfi poetry has been able to open its way.The next finding shows that linguistic, syntactic, moral and attention to language deconstructions are evident in Mousavi's poetry.

The love poems of "Wis and Ramin" by Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani and "Khosrow and Shirin" Nezami are Undoubtedly, they are among the most prominent works of lyrical poetry. The dimensions of romantic relationships between the characters of the story also provide a good basis for studying the subject of love and its types with psychological theories. One of these topics is John Lee's theory of love. He has studied the three main love styles of Eros, Ludos, Storg, secondary mania styles, agape, pragma and also compared it with the main colors. The purpose of this study is to study the love of Eros in these two love poems using John Lee's theory of love. So the main question is to answer the question of what color of love in these stories corresponds to what color of love in John Lee's theory and what are the most important components of Eros love that is the main factor of beauty and charm in these stories? The result of this research shows that by examining this issue descriptively-analytically in both stories, an important love component (Eros) is identified related to the behavior of the characters in the story. This component includes a number of actions and motivations that are consistent with John Lee's view in red.

Regional literature as one of the important subdivisions of fiction has affected social and political developments in most communities. Ahmad Mahmood and Najib Kilani, two distinguished contemporary Persian and Arabic authors, committed authors relying on local culture, raised the problems of society and called on it to find solutions and understand them in the form of their stories. Story" Al-rabie al-Assef” is one of Najib Kilani’s work about a village with hope and suffering caused by contemporary historical developments of Egypt in the late twentieth century. Story" A pilgrim Under the Rain" by Ahmad Mahmood has shown the situation of south region and people’s problems in the play scenes of story skillfully with the author’s critical eye. This research with descriptive approach from study area has studied and evaluated regional elements in a qualitative-comparative method. First initial sources in the geographical and local areas extracted from Ahmad Mahmood and Najib Kilani’s works in association with social consequences have been studied. The importance of investigating of this subject turns out when many social and cultural problems in Islamic societies will be solved in case the influence of local identity was recognized. The conclusions found from this study are necessary to access to affective local and regional elements in order to achieve sustainable development purposes.

Narratology, as a new science, examines the grammar of fiction. Using the indicators of narratology, the structural pattern of narratives can be achieved. Numerous linguists have offered extensive theories in this field, and among them, Gerard Genet's studies are extensive. In his study of narratives, he relies on three general indicators: "time", "state or aspect" and "sound or tone". Ghazaleh Alizadeh, is among the contemporary writers of Iranian fiction whose works can be considered from the perspective of narratology. Relying on the views of narratologists, especially Gerard Gennet's theories, this article examines the three components mentioned in the works of these authors. Narration in the past and the past in the past, the narration of the present and the frequent passage from the present to the past are the salient features of the mentioned works in terms of time. Most of the events of these works are narrated in a straight line, Using Negative and Positive Acceleration, Frequency and Its Types, Zero Focus and Inner Focus, Intra-Story Narrative from a First-Person Perspective, Monologue, Hadith Nafs and I am a Witness, Extra-Story Narrative from a Third-Person Perspective, as well as Post-Time and Simultaneous Narration, Is one of the features of narration in the above-mentioned novels.